A type of medical test that identifies changes in chromosomes, genes, or proteins.

• A. Cytogenetic testing
• B. Prenatal testing
• C. Genetic testing
• D. Biochemical testing

Answer: (C)

Genetic testing is the type of medical test that looks for changes in the genetic material—DNA and chromosomes—that can cause disease. It covers a range from chromosomal abnormalities to gene mutations, and the effects those changes have on the proteins those genes encode. So when a test identifies changes in chromosomes, genes, or the resulting protein products, it’s functioning as genetic testing because it encompasses alterations at the DNA level and their downstream consequences.

Cytogenetic testing focuses specifically on chromosomes, which is why it’s a subset of genetic testing. Prenatal testing describes when testing happens, not exactly what is tested. Biochemical testing targets proteins or metabolites, not the DNA itself.